Using OOP concepts to write high-performance Java code

Java is a class-based object-oriented programming (OOP) language built around the concept of objects. OOP concepts are intended to improve code readability and reusability by defining how to structure your Java program efficiently. The core principles of object-oriented programming are:

1. Abstraction
   
2. Encapsulation
3. Inheritance
4. Polymorphism
5. Association
6. Aggregation
7. Composition

Java comes with specific code structures for each OOP concept, such as the extends keyword for the inheritance principle or the getter and setter methods for the encapsulation principle.

While these concepts are crucial for creating well-structured Java programs in the development phase, implementing crash reporting can also help you catch the errors your end-users encounter in the operation and maintenance phase of the software development life cycle.

In this guide, we’ll look into both the theory and practice of object-oriented programming to help you write performant and error-free Java code.

What are OOP concepts in Java?

OOP concepts allow us to create specific interactions between Java objects. They make it possible to reuse code without creating security risks or harming performance and code readability.

There are four main and three secondary principles of object-oriented Java programming. Let’s take a look at what they are and why they’re useful.

1. Abstraction

Abstraction aims to hide complexity from users and show them only relevant information. For example, if you’re driving a car, you don’t need to know about its internal workings.

The same is true of Java classes. You can hide internal implementation details using abstract classes or interfaces. On the abstract level, you only need to define the method signatures (name and parameter list) and let each class implement them in their own way.

Abstraction in Java:

• Hides the underlying complexity of data
• Helps avoid repetitive code
• Presents only the signature of internal functionality
• Gives flexibility to programmers to change the implementation of abstract behavior
• Partial abstraction (0-100%) can be achieved with abstract classes
• Total abstraction (100%) can be achieved with interfaces

2. Encapsulation

Encapsulation helps with data security, allowing you to protect the data stored in a class from system-wide access. As the name suggests, it safeguards the internal contents of a class like a capsule.

You can implement encapsulation in Java by making the fields (class variables) private and accessing them via their public getter and setter methods. JavaBeans are examples of fully encapsulated classes.

Encapsulation in Java:

• Restricts direct access to data members (fields) of a class
• Fields are set to private
• Each field has a getter and setter method
• Getter methods return the field
• Setter methods let us change the value of the field

3. Inheritance

Inheritance makes it possible to create a child class that inherits the fields and methods of the parent class. The child class can override the values and methods of the parent class, but it’s not necessary. It can also add new data and functionality to its parent.

Parent classes are also called superclasses or base classes, while child classes are known as subclasses or derived classes as well. Java uses the extends keyword to implement the principle of inheritance in code.

Inheritance in Java:

• A class (child class) can extend another class (parent class) by inheriting its features
  
• Implements the DRY (Don’t Repeat Yourself) programming principle
• Improves code reusability
• Multi-level inheritance is allowed in Java (a child class can have its own child class as well)
• Multiple inheritances are not allowed in Java (a class can’t extend more than one class)

Abstraction, encapsulation, polymorphism, and inheritance are the four main theoretical principles of object-oriented programming. But Java also works with three further OOP concepts: association, aggregation, and composition. Aggregation is a special form of association, while composition is a special form of aggregation. While that may sound a bit convoluted, we’re about to explain. Read on!

4. Polymorphism

Polymorphism refers to the ability to perform a certain action in different ways. In Java, polymorphism can take two forms: method overloading and method overriding.

Method overloading happens when various methods with the same name are present in a class. When they are called, they are differentiated by the number, order, or types of their parameters. Method overriding occurs when a child class overrides a method of its parent.

Polymorphism in Java:

• The same method name is used several times
• Different methods of the same name can be called from an object
• All Java objects can be considered polymorphic (at the minimum, they are of their own type and instances of the Object class)
• Static polymorphism in Java is implemented by method overloading
  
• Dynamic polymorphism in Java is implemented by method overriding

5. Association

Association means the act of establishing a relationship between two unrelated classes. For example, when you declare two fields of different types (e.g. Car and Bicycle) within the same class and make them interact with each other, you have created an association.

Association in Java:

• Two separate classes are associated through their objects
• The two classes are unrelated, each can exist without the other one
• Can be a one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, or many-to-many relationship

6. Aggregation

Aggregation is a narrower kind of association. It occurs when there’s a one-way (HAS-A) relationship between the two classes we associate through their objects.

For example, every Passenger has a Car, but a Car doesn’t necessarily have a Passenger. When you declare the Passenger class, you can create a field of the Car type that shows which car the passenger belongs to. Then, when you instantiate a new Passenger object, you can access the data stored in the related Car as well.

Aggregation in Java:

• One-directional association
  
• Represents a HAS-A relationship between two classes
• Only one class is dependent on the other

7. Composition

Composition is a stricter form of aggregation. It occurs when the two classes you associate are mutually dependent and can’t exist without each other.

For example, take a Car and an Engine class. A Car cannot run without an Engine, while an Engine also can’t function without being built into a Car. This kind of relationship between objects is also called a PART-OF relationship.

Composition in Java:

• A restricted form of aggregation
  
• Represents a PART-OF relationship between two classes
• Both classes are dependent on each other
• If one class ceases to exist, the other can’t survive alone

What are the characteristics of OOP?

Now, let’s see the real-life implementations of the four main OOP concepts in Java: abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.

You can also download or clone the code examples below from this GitHub repo.

Abstraction

As mentioned above, abstraction allows you to hide the internal workings of an object and only show the features the user needs to know about.

Java provides two ways to implement abstraction: abstract classes and interfaces. With abstract classes, you can achieve partial abstraction, while interfaces make total (100%) abstraction possible.

Abstract classes

An abstract class is a superclass (parent class) that cannot be instantiated. To create a new object, you need to instantiate one of its child classes. Abstract classes can have both abstract and concrete methods. Abstract methods contain only the method signature, while concrete methods declare the method body as well. Abstract classes are defined with the abstract keyword.

In the code example below, we create an abstract class called Animal with two abstract and one concrete method.

abstract  class  Animal  {
// abstract methods
abstract  void  move();
abstract  void  eat();
// concrete method
void  label()  {
System.out.println("Animal's data:");
}
}

Then, we extend it with two child classes: Bird and Fish. Both of them define their own implementations of the move() and eat() abstract methods.

class  Bird  extends Animal {
void  move()  {
System.out.println("Moves by flying.");
}
void  eat()  {
System.out.println("Eats birdfood.");
}
}

class  Fish  extends Animal {
void  move()  {
System.out.println("Moves by swimming.");
}
void  eat()  {
System.out.println("Eats seafood.");
}
}

Now, we’ll test it with the help of the TestBird and TestFish classes. Both initialize an object (myBird and myFish) and call the one concrete (label()) and the two abstract (move() and eat()) methods.

Note, however, that you don’t necessarily have to call all the methods if you don’t want to — this is how abstract classes make partial abstraction possible (for example, you could call just move()).

class  TestBird  {
public  static  void  main(String[] args)  {
Animal myBird =  new Bird();
myBird.label();
myBird.move();
myBird.eat();
}
}

class  TestFish  {
public  static  void  main(String[] args)  {
Animal myFish =  new Fish();
myFish.label();
myFish.move();
myFish.eat();
}
}

As you can see below, the concrete method has been called from the Animal abstract class, while the two abstract methods have been called from Bird and Fish, respectively.

[Console output of TestBird]
Animal's data:
Moves by flying.
Eats birdfood.

[Console output of TestFish]
Animal's data:
Moves by swimming.
Eats seafood.

Interfaces

An interface is a 100% abstract class. It can only have static, final, and public fields and abstract methods. It’s frequently referred to as a blueprint of a class as well. Java interfaces allow you to implement multiple inheritances in your code, as a class can implement any number of interfaces. Classes can access an interface with the implements keyword.

In the example, we define two interfaces: Animal with two abstract methods (interface methods are abstract by default) and Bird with two static fields and an abstract method.

interface  Animal  {
public  void  eat();
public  void  sound();
}

interface  Bird  {
int numberOfLegs = 2;
String outerCovering =  "feather";
public  void  fly();
}

The class Eagle implements both interfaces. It defines its own functionality for the three abstract methods. The eat() and sound() methods come from the Animal class, while fly() comes from Bird.

class  Eagle  implements Animal, Bird {
public  void  eat()  {
System.out.println("Eats reptiles and amphibians.");
}
public  void  sound()  {
System.out.println("Has a high-pitched whistling sound.");
}
public  void  fly()  {
System.out.println("Flies up to 10,000 feet.");
}
}

In the TestEagleInterfaces test class, we instantiate a new Eagle object (called myEagle) and print out all the fields and methods to the console.

As static fields (numberOfLegs and outerCovering) don’t belong to a specific object but to the interface, we need to access them from the Bird interface instead of the myEagle object.

class  TestEagleInterfaces  {
public  static  void  main(String[] args)  {
Eagle myEagle =  new Eagle();

myEagle.eat();
myEagle.sound();
myEagle.fly();

System.out.println("Number of legs: "  + Bird.numberOfLegs);
System.out.println("Outer covering: "  + Bird.outerCovering);
}
}

The Java console returns all the information we wanted to access:

[Console output of TestEagleInterfaces]
Eats reptiles and amphibians.
Has a high-pitched whistling sound.
Flies up to 10,000 feet.
Number of legs: 2
Outer covering: feather

Encapsulation

With encapsulation, you can protect the fields of a class. To do so, you need to declare the fields as private and provide access to them with getter and setter methods.

The Animal class below is fully encapsulated. It has three private fields, and each has its own pair of getter and setter methods.

class  Animal  {
private String name;
private  double averageWeight;
private  int numberOfLegs;

// Getter methods
public String getName()  {
return name;
}
public  double  getAverageWeight()  {
return averageWeight;
}
public  int  getNumberOfLegs()  {
return numberOfLegs;
}
// Setter methods
public  void  setName(String name)  {
this.name  = name;
}
public  void  setAverageWeight(double averageWeight)  {
this.averageWeight  = averageWeight;
}
public  void  setNumberOfLegs(int numberOfLegs)  {
this.numberOfLegs  = numberOfLegs;
}
}

The TestAnimal class first creates a new Animal object (called myAnimal), then defines a value for each field with the setter methods, and finally prints out the values using the getter methods.

class  TestAnimal  {
public  static  void  main(String[] args)  {
Animal myAnimal =  new Animal();
myAnimal.setName("Eagle");
myAnimal.setAverageWeight(1.5);
myAnimal.setNumberOfLegs(2);
System.out.println("Name: "  + myAnimal.getName());
System.out.println("Average weight: "  + myAnimal.getAverageWeight()  +  "kg");
System.out.println("Number of legs: "  + myAnimal.getNumberOfLegs());
}
}

As you can see below, the Java console returns all the values we have set with the setter methods:

[Console output of TestAnimal]
Name: Eagle
Average weight: 1.5kg
Number of legs: 2

Inheritance

Inheritance lets you extend a class with one or more child classes that inherit the fields and methods of the parent class. It’s an excellent way to achieve code reusability. In Java, you need to use the extends keyword to create a child class.

In the example below, the Eagle class extends the Bird parent class. It inherits all of its fields and methods, plus defines two extra fields that belong only to Eagle.

class  Bird  {
public String reproduction =  "egg";
public String outerCovering =  "feather";
public  void  flyUp()  {
System.out.println("Flying up...");
}
public  void  flyDown()  {
System.out.println("Flying down...");
}
}

class  Eagle  extends Bird {
public String name =  "eagle";
public  int lifespan = 15;
}

The TestEagleInheritance class instantiates a new Eagle object (called myEagle) and prints out all the information (both the inherited fields and methods and the two fields defined by the Eagle class).

class  TestEagleInheritance  {
public  static  void  main(String[] args)  {
Eagle myEagle =  new Eagle();
System.out.println("Name: "  + myEagle.name);  System.out.println("Reproduction: "  + myEagle.reproduction);
System.out.println("Outer covering: "  + myEagle.outerCovering);
System.out.println("Lifespan: "  + myEagle.lifespan);
myEagle.flyUp();
myEagle.flyDown();
}
}

Here’s the console output we get:

[Console output of TestEagleInheritance]
Name: eagle
Reproduction: egg
Outer covering: feather
Lifespan: 15
Flying up...
Flying down...

Polymorphism

Polymorphism makes it possible to use the same code structure in different forms. In Java, this means that you can declare several methods with the same name as long as they are different in certain characteristics.

As mentioned above, Java provides two ways to implement polymorphism: method overloading and method overriding.

Static polymorphism (method overloading)

Method overloading means that you can have several methods with the same name within a class. However, the number, names, or types of their parameters need to be different.

For example, the Bird() class below has three fly() methods. The first one doesn’t have any parameters, the second one has one parameter (height), and the third one has two parameters (name and height).

class  Bird  {
public  void  fly()  {
System.out.println("The bird is flying.");
}
public  void  fly(int height)  {
System.out.println("The bird is flying "  + height +  " feet high.");
}
public  void  fly(String name,  int height)  {
System.out.println("The "  + name +  " is flying "  + height +  " feet high.");
}
}

The test class instantiates a new Bird object and calls the fly() method three times: first, without parameters, second, with one integer parameter for height, and third, with two parameters for name and height.

class  TestBirdStatic  {
public  static  void  main(String[] args)  {
Bird myBird =  new Bird();
myBird.fly();
myBird.fly(10000);
myBird.fly("eagle", 10000);
}
}

In the console, you can see that Java could have differentiated the three polymorphic fly() methods:

[Console output of TestBirdStatic]
The bird is flying.
The bird is flying 10000 feet high.
The eagle is flying 10000 feet high.

Dynamic polymorphism (method overriding)

Using the method overriding feature of Java, you can override the methods of a parent class from its child class.

In the code example below, the Bird class extends the Animal class. Both have an eat() method. By default, Bird inherits its parent’s eat() method. However, as it also defines its own eat() method, Java will override the original method and call eat() from the child class.

class  Animal  {
public  void  eat()  {
System.out.println("This animal eats insects.");
}
}

class  Bird  extends Animal {
public  void  eat()  {
System.out.println("This bird eats seeds.");
}
}

The TestBirdDynamic class first instantiates a new Animal object and calls its eat() method. Then, it also creates a Bird object and calls the polymorphic eat() method again.

class  TestBirdDynamic  {
public  static  void  main(String[] args)  {
Animal myAnimal =  new Animal();
myAnimal.eat();
Bird myBird =  new Bird();
myBird.eat();
}
}

The console returns the values of the relevant methods properly because Java could have differentiated the two eat() methods:

[Console output of TestBirdDynamic]
This animal eats insects.
This bird eats seeds.

Summary

OOP concepts in Java help you to structure your program more efficiently. The seven object-oriented principles we’ve explored here (abstraction, encapsulation, polymorphism, inheritance, association, aggregation, and composition) can help you reuse your code, prevent security issues, and improve the performance of your Java applications.

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